Initial Examples
More examples

How To Convert C# To Lua
Convert Lua To C#
Lua C To Lua Converter
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Introduction

Allowing users to extend your apps with scripts it is an amazing feature. There are many languages for this purpose, but Lua is the choice today, it is powerful and easy to embed.

Jun 17, 2010 - lua 5.1 script to convert a lua file into a C file- Usage: lua2c foo.lua lfoo.c # compiled, so not portable.

Lua is an important tool for many industries, it has been used inside Game Engines, Databases like Redis, and HTTP servers like Nginx, powering users to extend their features.

I will show you some essential but complete examples in how to work with Lua, I will not cover some deep concepts behind the language, installation and other topics like LuaJIT.

Another thing that I will not cover is how to compile and link your app with Lua library, if you know a little about C you can do it with almost no effort using the official manual, the goal here is talking about examples and how to use the API. But if you do not know how to do, check my repository link with examples at the end of this article.

Installation

How I said I do not cover the installation of Lua development libraries, because it varies and depends on your platform.You can look at the installation guide in the official website here.

Some Lua Concepts

It is important you understand at least one concept before, the virtual stack. Lua uses a virtual stack to pass values to and from C.

All communication between lua code and your application works using the virtual stack. You push data from C for defining global variables, tables, functions and function arguments. Lua VM will be made all this data available inside Lua script. When a Lua code calls a C function, for example, inside the function you have to recover the arguments and push the result again to Lua.

Another example is when you need to call from C a Lua function. You have to call an API function to let Lua knows which function should be put onto the stack to be available to C call it.

Now you are ready to start coding.

Starting Lua VM

The basic code that we need to call when we use Lua C API is as follow. We start declaring a lua_State pointer and initialize it with luaL_newstate() function.

Note that versions before 5.3 lua_open() is used instead.

It is our pointer to our Lua Virtual Machine and this lua_State store all data that we share between Lua and C. We can have many Lua states to run scripts with different contexts.

After opening a state, we are ready to call functions from Lua API.

One important function to be called is luaL_openlibs, it makes available the Lua Standard Library for the code that we will run afterwards. It is not a requirement, but without this you will not be able to call functions from libraries like math, io, string, utf8, inside Lua code.

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You can also open only the libraries that you know it will be useful or safe to allow scripts to call, see the example bellow, more information here.

After using the lua state, when you do not need to execute anything else, you have to close the state with:

Initial Examples

I wrote some examples of basic operations like running Lua code from a string, loading a script file, exposing variables and C functions to Lua code, recovering the values from global variables inside the Lua code and calling Lua function in C.

Initializing Lua VM

Here is our first example, it is a starting point for using Lua with C.

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How To Convert C# To Lua

Let's dissect the code structure. We start adding the headers:

Start a new Lua state:

With L state your now able to call Lua C API.

Open the Lua standard libraries, like math, string, utf8, io, etc.:

After using Lua we need to close the state:

Running Lua code

Convert Lua To C#

This example shows how to load a Lua code from string and run it.

The new things here are the API functions: luaL_loadstring, that is in charge of loading the code chunk on the top of the stack, lua_pcall is in charge of running the code in the stack, and if the execution is successfull, we remove the code from the top(lua_gettop) of the stack with lua_pop.

More examples

Before continuing the examples I have to explain some updates made in the article.

After the feedback that I received, I decided to make the following examples more clear and simple using some macros available from Lua API.

The following changes were made:

Instead of using lua_pcall, luaL_loadstring, and luaL_loadfile, I modified the code to use:
- luaL_dostring, which is equivalent to calling lua_pcall and luaL_loadstring
- luaL_dofile, which is equivalent to calling lua_pcall and luaL_loadfile
- use lua_pcall only when I do not run the function just after loading a file or a string.

All those macros use LUA_MULRET, which is an argument that tells lua_pcall that it must expect a variable number of returned values.

Another point is that when we call lua_pcall or its variants, a result is returned